The article discusses the rapid evolution and expansion of access control systems, particularly in China, where unique characteristics have emerged. Traditional access control relied on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to manage entry and exit points. However, with increasing R&D capabilities among local companies and the rise of emerging technologies, modern access control systems have undergone a significant transformation in terms of convenience, safety, and user experience. As a result, access control products have experienced explosive growth, and the use of access control cards has developed into a distinct, culturally specific application.
In recent years, driven by economic growth and supportive government policies, the security products market in China has expanded rapidly. Among these, access control systems have seen substantial development. From a front-end device perspective, non-contact IC cards dominate the market, accounting for around 90% of the share. In terms of output value, 4-door and 2-door controllers are the most popular, while from a sales standpoint, single-door and two-door controllers outperform other types. The reader market is also segmented, with high-end and mid-to-low-end products in a roughly 1:3 ratio.
In terms of system architecture, three main structures coexist: RS485, RS485/IP hybrid, and full IP networks. While RS485 remains the most widely used, IP-based architectures are gaining momentum, though they are not yet the mainstream. Many users prefer the hybrid approach due to its flexibility and reliability.
From a card-reading technology standpoint, the industry is evolving quickly. CPU cards are gradually replacing traditional IC cards, but it may take time before they become dominant. Biometric technologies such as fingerprint, palm, and facial recognition are becoming increasingly popular, and future systems may require compatibility with multiple reading methods.
Linkage technology is also advancing, with higher demands placed on integration with video surveillance, fire alarm systems, and building automation. Linkage methods range from basic hardware-based solutions to more advanced software-driven approaches. With the growth of IP networks, software-based linkage is becoming more efficient, especially in digital and networked environments.
In terms of card applications, the trend is moving toward a unified "one-card" system, which can integrate functions like access control, attendance, payments, and more. This vision of "one card, one library, one platform" is gaining traction in the market.
Access control cards are a small but essential part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Traditionally, these systems were isolated, handling tasks like door access, timekeeping, and parking. Now, with advancements in automation, they need to integrate with fire alarms, CCTV, and building management systems. For example, integrating with fire alarm systems can be done through OPC software, dedicated fire controllers, or power-off mechanisms. Similarly, CCTV integration can involve direct camera support or sending alarm signals to the surveillance system.
Integration with building automation (BA) systems is also growing. Temperature and humidity data from BA systems can be displayed on access control devices, making it easier for users to monitor their environment. This is often achieved through protocols like Sedona, which are widely used in the market.
Additionally, access control systems can serve as platforms for information dissemination. Some devices now feature touchscreens that allow for interactive displays, such as weather updates, welcome messages, or even voting systems. These features enhance the functionality of the card system beyond just access control.
Video access control is becoming a key component in urban management, contributing to smarter, more connected cities. It has given rise to new industries and plays a crucial role in ensuring public safety and social stability. Looking ahead, video access control projects will expand from small community setups to large-scale city-wide integrated systems. These platforms will shift from localized LANs to cross-regional, large-scale digital management systems, supported by technologies like cloud computing and IoT.
As the IoT and cloud computing industries continue to mature, the demand for smart, interconnected access control solutions will only grow. This evolution represents not just a technological advancement, but a fundamental shift in how society manages security, efficiency, and connectivity in the digital age.
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