IEEE 1588 divides the clocks in the entire network into two types: Ordinary Clock (OC) and Boundary Clock (BC). Only one PTP communication port has an ordinary clock, and one or more PTP communication ports have a boundary. Clock, each PTP port provides independent PTP communication. Among them, the boundary clock is usually used on poorly deterministic network devices (such as switches and routers). From the communication relationship, the clock can be further divided into a master clock and a slave clock. Theoretically, any clock can realize the functions of the master clock and the slave clock, but only one master clock can exist in a PTP communication subnet. The best clock in the entire system is the grandmaster clock (GMC) with the best stability, accuracy, certainty, and so on. Based on the accuracy and level of the clock at each node and the traceability of UTC (Universal Coordinated Time), the master clock is automatically selected by the best master clock algorithm (Best Master Clock); in a system with only one subnet The master clock is the highest clock GMC. There is only one GMC per system, and there is only one master clock in each subnet. The slave clock is synchronized with the master clock.
The basic principle of synchronization includes the recording of time and receiving time information, and adding a "time stamp" to each piece of information. With time recording, the receiver can calculate its own clock error and delay in the network. To manage this information, the PTP protocol defines four multicast message types and management messages, including synchronization message (Sync), follow_up, delay_req, and delay response message. (Delay_Resp). The interaction sequence of these messages is shown in Figure 2. The information response received is related to the current state of the clock. Synchronous messages are issued periodically from the master clock (typically once every two seconds) and contain the clock attributes required by the master clock algorithm. In general, the synchronization message contains a time stamp that accurately describes the expected time of the data packet.
The iTS-900 series time server (hereinafter referred to as iTS-900 or clock or device) utilizes GPS global positioning system satellite signals, Beidou satellite positioning systems and received IRIG-B reference signals, and monitors the input signals and punctuality by integrating the input signals. Various intelligent electronic devices and systems such as control, protection, and fault logging provide accurate synchronized time signals. The iTS-900 is suitable for substations, power plants, industrial production, rail transit, and large stadiums and other venues that need to be precisely timed, and in particular, meets the requirements for high-precision and high-reliability of synchronous systems in smart substations of power systems.
Heat Pipe Solar Collector is one type of Vacuum Tube Solar Collector.
The
selective coating on the inner cover of the Vacuum Tubes
converts solar energy and transfers heat to the heat pipes
by aluminum fins. The liquid in the heat pipe changes into vapor
which rises to the condenser. Then the heat passes through the heat
exchanger, the water inside of header pipe is being heated, and the vapor
becomes liquid, returning to the bottom of the heat pipe. This
transference of heat creates a continuous circulation as long as the heat
pipe Vacuum Tube collector is heated by sun.
Heat
is transferred by liquid to the header pipe and heat the water efficiently. In
addition, heat pipe vacuum tubes is highly freezing resistance, which ensures
higher efficiency in cold areas.
Heat pipe solar collectors can be used in both pressurized or non-pressurized circulation systems.
Evacuated heat pipe technology
1. Evacuated tubes based on the thermos flask principle and consisting of two concentric glass tubes and an evacuated gap to prevent heat loss.2. Highly selective absorber layer on the inner glass tubes (AI/ALN,) which enables an optimum energy yield.
3. Aluminum heat transfer plate to provide an optimum heat transfer medium system.
4. Copper heat pipes transfer the extracting heat effectively.
5. Rock wool insulation with an aluminum lamination in order to prevent heat loss in the manifold.
6. Compression ring fitting (Ø 22 mm) for flow and return which enable a safe and easy-to-install pipework connections.
7. The most common working fluid is water for ambient temperatures of - 30 °C to an operating temperature to 90 °C.
Heat Pipe Solar Collector
Heat Pipe Solar Collector,Pressurized Solar Collector,Heat Tube Solar Collector,Heat Pipe Collector
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