1.1 Ancient tree machine The tree lathe that appeared in the 2,000 years before BC was the earliest prototype of the machine tool. When working, the ferrule at the lower end of the pedal uses the elasticity of the branch to rotate the workpiece by the rope, and takes the shell or stone as a tool, and cuts the workpiece along the slat moving tool. This principle is still used in medieval elastic rod lathes.
1.2 The prototype of the fifteenth century machine tool In the fifteenth century, due to the need to manufacture watches and weapons, threaded lathes and gear processing machines for watchmakers and hydraulically driven barrel boring machines appeared. Around 1501, the Italian Leonardo da Vinci had sketched the concept of lathes, boring machines, threading machines and internal grinding machines, including new mechanisms such as cranks, flywheels, tops and bearings. The structure of the grinder is also contained in the "Tiangong Kaiwu" published by the Ming Dynasty in China. The iron plate is rotated by the method of pedaling, and sand and water are used to cut the jade.
1.3 The industrial revolution led to the creation and improvement of various machine tools. The industrial revolution of the eighteenth century promoted the development of machine tools. In 1774, the British Wilkinson (full name John Wilkinson) invented a more sophisticated barrel trampoline. The following year, he used the barrel of this barrel to meet the requirements of the Watt steam engine. In order to build a larger cylinder, he built a water wheel-driven cylinder boring machine in 1775, which promoted the development of steam engines. From then on, the machine tool was driven by a steam engine through the crankshaft.
In 1797, the English-made Mozley machine was made of a screw-driven tool holder that could realize motorized feed and turning threads, which was a major change in the machine structure. Mozley was also called "the father of the British machine tool industry."
In the 19th century, various types of machine tools appeared in succession due to the promotion of textile, power, transportation machinery and arms production. In 1817, the British Roberts created a planer; in 1818, American Whitney (his full name is Eli Whitney) made a horizontal milling machine; in 1876, the United States made a universal cylindrical grinding machine; 1835 and 1897 In the year, the gear hobbing machine and the gear shaping machine were successively invented.
The best mechanical technician of the nineteenth century should be Whitworth (full name Joseph Whitworth), who made the length measuring machine in 1834, which can measure the length error by one tenth of an inch. about. The principle of this length measuring machine is the same as that of the micrometer. The workpiece can be clamped by rotating the indexing plate and the indexing plate can be used to read the indexing on the indexing plate. In 1835, Whitworth invented the hobbing machine when he was 32 years old. In addition, Whitworth has designed plug gauges and ring gauges for measuring the inner and outer circumferences of the cylinder. It is recommended that all machine tool builders use standard threads of the same size. Later, the British Industrial Standards Association accepted this recommendation, and since then, this thread has been used as a standard thread by countries.
The center of industrial technology development has quietly moved from the UK to the United States since the 19th century. Among the people who took the British technology prestige, Whitney is the best. Whitney is brilliant and visionary, and he pioneered the development of systems for mass-produced replaceable parts. Whitney Engineering, which is still active today, developed a turret-type turret lathe as early as the 1940s. This type of lathe is made with the complexity and refinement of the workpiece. In this type of lathe, a winch is mounted, and various required tools are mounted on the winch. Thus, the turret is rotated by a fixed tool. , you can turn the tool to the desired location.
[1] With the invention of the electric motor, the machine tool began to drive the motor first, and then the motor was widely used.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, coordinate boring machines and thread grinders were created for the machining of workpieces, fixtures and threading tools with higher precision. At the same time, in order to meet the needs of mass production in industries such as automobiles and bearings, various automatic machine tools, profiling machines, combined machine tools and automatic production lines have been developed.
1.4 Entering the precision period in 1900 From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, single lathes have gradually evolved milling machines, planers, grinding machines, drilling machines, etc. These main machine tools have been basically shaped, so that they are precision machine tools and production in the early 20th century. Mechanization and semi-automation create conditions.
In the first 20 years of the 20th century, people mainly focused on milling machines, grinding machines and assembly lines. Due to the requirements of automobile, aircraft and engine production, precision, automatic milling machines and grinding machines are urgently needed in the processing of complex shapes, high precision and high-gloss parts. Due to the advent of multi-spiral blade milling cutters, the vibration and smoothness produced by single-blade milling cutters are basically solved, which makes the milling machine undeveloped, making the milling machine an important equipment for processing complex parts.
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