Advanced ceramics are different from traditional ceramics in raw materials and processes. They are usually made of high-purity and ultra-fine materials. They are made of ceramic materials with excellent composition and structure design and precise stoichiometry and new preparation technology. In recent years, the importance of advanced ceramics has grown, and it has gradually been widely used in production and life. China began to research advanced ceramics in the 1950s and achieved some fruitful results. Table 1 The process of studying advanced ceramics in China in the early 20th century 
From the research of basic theory to the scientific and technological research in key areas today, China's theoretical research and experimental level of cutting-edge high-tech ceramics are in the world's advanced industries. Ordinary electronic ceramics and structural ceramics such as IC substrates, ceramic dielectric capacitors, resistors, inductors, magnetic materials, buzzers, filters, etc. Piezoelectric ceramic radio frequency components, medium aluminum porcelain, high aluminum porcelain, electro-optical porcelain, SiC, textile Porcelain pieces, fused quartz, fused corundum, etc., can be mass-produced in China, the product quality is stable, and can occupy a certain international market. Despite this, compared with developed countries, China has obvious gaps in terms of technology and industrialization. In the global annual sales of tens of billions of dollars of advanced ceramics, China’s sales account for only 1% to 2%. There is a lot of room for development. For example, the chip piezoelectric ceramic filters used in China's mobile phone market are almost all imported, and the market is very large. 
Figure 1 Structure of the world's advanced ceramics market in 2000 Table 2 Market size and growth rate of advanced ceramic industry in various countries 
The shortcomings of China's advanced ceramics are mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1. The scale of enterprises is generally small 2. The division of specialization is insufficient 3. The ability of independent innovation is not strong 4. The investment in science and technology is insufficient. More, high-tech performance is more complete, and the application range is more and more broad, becoming the most dynamic ceramic industry in the world. Advanced ceramic products are widely used in microelectronics technology, automation equipment, automobile engines, sensitive sensors, new energy sources, etc., forming a market climax and fierce market competition. With the development of materials science and the improvement of manufacturing processes, the internal structure of ceramics has become more refined and densified, which has greatly improved the material properties, resulting in new special functions. In the course of its development, a large number of multi-functional, high-performance advanced ceramics came into being. Daily life, we give an example related to daily life - ceramic non-stick pan 
The surface of the ceramic coating of Fig. 2 is mostly rich in methyl functional groups, and its surface tension is usually 21 to 23 dyn/cm. It also has good non-stickiness and is safer than fluorine-containing substances. After the exposure of Teflon, a large number of smokeless pot companies used inorganic ceramic coating as one of the main promotional points. The most widely used processing industry in the processing industry is the emergence of ceramic tools. When metal cutting is generally faced with greater challenges such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high strength and high fracture toughness, high heat hardness, good thermal shock resistance, erosion resistance and anti-adhesion of cutting tool materials, ceramic knives It has emerged as a result of its high strength, hardness, wear resistance and long service life under high-speed cutting conditions. 
Figure 3 Turning of superhard tools In the early 1970s, polycrystalline diamond tools and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tools produced in the United States began to be put on the market. Their superior hardness and wear resistance immediately attracted the attention of the world. However, since the manufacturing process of synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride was complicated and expensive, it was not widely used. With the maturity of superhard material manufacturing technology and the continuous advancement of manufacturing processes, superhard tool materials have been rapidly developed, and the technological progress of the manufacturing industry has been promoted. High-performance structural ceramic materials for the automotive industry are ideal materials for manufacturing engines due to their low density, low thermal conductivity, high temperature resistance, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. 
Figure 4 Automotive ceramic parts As early as the 1940s, some people used ceramics instead of metal to make engine combustion chamber components for experiments. Such research reached a boom in the late 1950s, but limited to the historical conditions and technical level at that time. Success. In the 1970s, the world oil crisis and energy-saving problems made the study of making engine parts using ceramic materials once again attracting people's attention. On the other hand, the increase in people's awareness of environmental protection has also accelerated the research process of ceramic engines. Military applications While China's fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are ingeniously applied to strategic missiles, military strategists have also turned their attention to this advanced ceramic material. 
5 infrared radiation ceramic engine equipped with tanks tank map is found it is infrared detectors, and infrared-guided weapons to destroy the root causes, thereby reducing an important aspect tank infrared radiation but also the development of stealth technology. Infantry vehicles with high efficiency and low heat loss of the adiabatic ceramic engine can reduce the infrared radiation of the tank, making it difficult to be detected by infrared detectors and destroyed by infrared guided weapons, which has a good stealth effect and improved survival rate. Aerospace 
Figure 6: Changes in heat generated by the space shuttle as it passes through the atmosphere 
Figure 7: Solid rocket motor nozzle When the space shuttle enters the atmosphere again, due to the high speed, high heat flux density, serious airflow scouring, and the aerodynamic external pressure, the cabin itself and the air friction will generate a high temperature of up to 1400 °C. The heat resistance of the space shuttle's fuselage must be foolproof. The heat-insulating tile made of ceramic composite material solves this problem very well, and it is this kind of measure that can be used to ensure that the space shuttle can travel back and forth in space. In addition, ceramic matrix composites are also ideal materials for making thermal structural connections between solid state engine C/C nozzles and combustor casings. From a global perspective, there are three distinct trends in the development of advanced ceramics: technological advancement, globalization, and steady growth. The United States ranks first in the world in the research and development of advanced ceramics, while Japan leads in other applications besides the aerospace industry. US patents tend to be innovative in basic knowledge, while Japanese patents tend to be based on improvements in existing technologies in the hope of having more engineering applications. Globalization is manifested in international cooperation and mergers, such as the cooperation between Lanxide and NibonCement of the United States, and the acquisition of Nortoo by Saint-Gobain of France. Advanced ceramics will continue to grow, structural ceramics and electronic ceramics will grow steadily, and ceramic composites and coatings will grow at a lower level by two digits.
From the research of basic theory to the scientific and technological research in key areas today, China's theoretical research and experimental level of cutting-edge high-tech ceramics are in the world's advanced industries. Ordinary electronic ceramics and structural ceramics such as IC substrates, ceramic dielectric capacitors, resistors, inductors, magnetic materials, buzzers, filters, etc. Piezoelectric ceramic radio frequency components, medium aluminum porcelain, high aluminum porcelain, electro-optical porcelain, SiC, textile Porcelain pieces, fused quartz, fused corundum, etc., can be mass-produced in China, the product quality is stable, and can occupy a certain international market. Despite this, compared with developed countries, China has obvious gaps in terms of technology and industrialization. In the global annual sales of tens of billions of dollars of advanced ceramics, China’s sales account for only 1% to 2%. There is a lot of room for development. For example, the chip piezoelectric ceramic filters used in China's mobile phone market are almost all imported, and the market is very large. Figure 1 Structure of the world's advanced ceramics market in 2000 Table 2 Market size and growth rate of advanced ceramic industry in various countries The shortcomings of China's advanced ceramics are mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1. The scale of enterprises is generally small 2. The division of specialization is insufficient 3. The ability of independent innovation is not strong 4. The investment in science and technology is insufficient. More, high-tech performance is more complete, and the application range is more and more broad, becoming the most dynamic ceramic industry in the world. Advanced ceramic products are widely used in microelectronics technology, automation equipment, automobile engines, sensitive sensors, new energy sources, etc., forming a market climax and fierce market competition. With the development of materials science and the improvement of manufacturing processes, the internal structure of ceramics has become more refined and densified, which has greatly improved the material properties, resulting in new special functions. In the course of its development, a large number of multi-functional, high-performance advanced ceramics came into being. Daily life, we give an example related to daily life - ceramic non-stick pan The surface of the ceramic coating of Fig. 2 is mostly rich in methyl functional groups, and its surface tension is usually 21 to 23 dyn/cm. It also has good non-stickiness and is safer than fluorine-containing substances. After the exposure of Teflon, a large number of smokeless pot companies used inorganic ceramic coating as one of the main promotional points. The most widely used processing industry in the processing industry is the emergence of ceramic tools. When metal cutting is generally faced with greater challenges such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high strength and high fracture toughness, high heat hardness, good thermal shock resistance, erosion resistance and anti-adhesion of cutting tool materials, ceramic knives It has emerged as a result of its high strength, hardness, wear resistance and long service life under high-speed cutting conditions. Figure 3 Turning of superhard tools In the early 1970s, polycrystalline diamond tools and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tools produced in the United States began to be put on the market. Their superior hardness and wear resistance immediately attracted the attention of the world. However, since the manufacturing process of synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride was complicated and expensive, it was not widely used. With the maturity of superhard material manufacturing technology and the continuous advancement of manufacturing processes, superhard tool materials have been rapidly developed, and the technological progress of the manufacturing industry has been promoted. High-performance structural ceramic materials for the automotive industry are ideal materials for manufacturing engines due to their low density, low thermal conductivity, high temperature resistance, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Figure 4 Automotive ceramic parts As early as the 1940s, some people used ceramics instead of metal to make engine combustion chamber components for experiments. Such research reached a boom in the late 1950s, but limited to the historical conditions and technical level at that time. Success. In the 1970s, the world oil crisis and energy-saving problems made the study of making engine parts using ceramic materials once again attracting people's attention. On the other hand, the increase in people's awareness of environmental protection has also accelerated the research process of ceramic engines. Military applications While China's fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are ingeniously applied to strategic missiles, military strategists have also turned their attention to this advanced ceramic material. 5 infrared radiation ceramic engine equipped with tanks tank map is found it is infrared detectors, and infrared-guided weapons to destroy the root causes, thereby reducing an important aspect tank infrared radiation but also the development of stealth technology. Infantry vehicles with high efficiency and low heat loss of the adiabatic ceramic engine can reduce the infrared radiation of the tank, making it difficult to be detected by infrared detectors and destroyed by infrared guided weapons, which has a good stealth effect and improved survival rate. Aerospace Figure 6: Changes in heat generated by the space shuttle as it passes through the atmosphere Figure 7: Solid rocket motor nozzle When the space shuttle enters the atmosphere again, due to the high speed, high heat flux density, serious airflow scouring, and the aerodynamic external pressure, the cabin itself and the air friction will generate a high temperature of up to 1400 °C. The heat resistance of the space shuttle's fuselage must be foolproof. The heat-insulating tile made of ceramic composite material solves this problem very well, and it is this kind of measure that can be used to ensure that the space shuttle can travel back and forth in space. In addition, ceramic matrix composites are also ideal materials for making thermal structural connections between solid state engine C/C nozzles and combustor casings. From a global perspective, there are three distinct trends in the development of advanced ceramics: technological advancement, globalization, and steady growth. The United States ranks first in the world in the research and development of advanced ceramics, while Japan leads in other applications besides the aerospace industry. US patents tend to be innovative in basic knowledge, while Japanese patents tend to be based on improvements in existing technologies in the hope of having more engineering applications. Globalization is manifested in international cooperation and mergers, such as the cooperation between Lanxide and NibonCement of the United States, and the acquisition of Nortoo by Saint-Gobain of France. Advanced ceramics will continue to grow, structural ceramics and electronic ceramics will grow steadily, and ceramic composites and coatings will grow at a lower level by two digits.Automotive air conditioning refrigerant is also called refrigerant refrigerant car car,
commonly known as snow, ice, divided into environmental protection (134a) and non environmental (R12 few models use). The general need to fill the car refrigerant in the summer comes, the car of refrigerant should pay attention to the following two questions: one is the refrigerant not interchangeable the problem, another is the vacuum problem. Automotive air conditioning refrigerant mainly has two kinds, one is R12, another is 134a (HFC 134a R12), a long history and widespread use, but the gas containing chlorine molecules will destroy the ozone layer in the atmosphere and cause the greenhouse effect, so the number of years ago, delegates from around the world gathered in Montreal signed the protocol required in recent years to stop the production and use of CFCs products, of which R12.134a is bear the brunt of 90s began to use varieties, because no chlorine molecules without damage to the ozone layer of Car air-conditioning system changes less, and now a lot of new domestic and foreign air-conditioning systems are using 134a refrigerant
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