**Hydraulic Brake System and Its Operation**
The hydraulic brake system works by converting the force applied to the brake pedal into hydraulic pressure, which is then used to generate braking torque. The system’s transmission mechanism is relatively simple, but the braking force produced is directly proportional to the force applied to the pedal. When the tires have sufficient grip on the road surface, the car's braking force increases linearly with the driver’s input. This direct relationship between pedal effort and braking performance is known as "brake pedal feel" or "foot feel," allowing the driver to sense whether the braking system is functioning properly. This makes it easier for drivers to detect issues quickly and take appropriate action.
Common problems in a hydraulic brake system include complete brake failure, partial braking, and brake drag (also known as "brake bite"). These issues can significantly affect driving safety and should be addressed promptly.
**First, Brake Failure**
1. **Symptoms**: When the vehicle is in motion, pressing the brake pedal does not result in immediate deceleration. The car may not stop effectively, with a long stopping distance and minimal deceleration.
2. **Possible Causes**:
- Excessive free travel of the brake pedal.
- Low brake fluid level or blocked compensation hole in the master cylinder.
- Worn, swollen, or damaged master cylinder piston, cup, or diaphragm.
- Worn or leaking brake calipers or wheel cylinders.
- Excessive wear on brake shoes or improper clearance.
- Warped brake drums or contaminated brake shoe surfaces.
- Air in the brake lines or overheated brake fluid causing vaporization.
- Damaged or clogged brake hoses, loose connections, or collapsed tubing.
3. **Diagnosis and Repair**:
A common method to diagnose brake failure is the “three-step brake test†— light pedal, fast pedaling, and even pedaling. Each step helps identify different types of faults:
- **Light Pedal Test**: Gently press the pedal. If resistance is felt early in the stroke, adjust the pedal free travel. If the pedal feels spongy or soft, there may be air in the system. If the pedal doesn’t return, check for blockages in the return valve or master cylinder.
- **Fast Pedal Test**: Press the pedal quickly. If the brakes don’t engage, check for faulty quick-locking joints or improper spring tension. If the pedal moves smoothly under slow pressure but not under fast pressure, there may be internal leakage or worn components.
- **Even Pedal Test**: Press the pedal multiple times. If the pedal stays at the bottom, it may indicate low brake fluid or a failed master cylinder. If the pedal returns and braking improves, check the pedal free travel and brake clearance.
**Second, Brake Drag (Brake Bite)**
1. **Symptoms**: The vehicle has difficulty accelerating, and the brake drums become hot after driving. One or more wheels may feel stuck or not release properly.
2. **Possible Causes**:
- No free travel on the brake pedal.
- Insufficient clearance between the brake drum and shoe.
- Broken or weak return springs on the brake shoes.
- Contaminated or thick brake fluid.
- Faulty bypass holes or aged seals in the master cylinder.
- Weak or broken return springs in the master cylinder.
3. **Diagnosis and Repair**:
- If all brakes are dragging, check the pedal free travel and inspect the reservoir. If the brake fluid is dirty, replace it. If the fluid is clean but the pedal doesn’t return, bleed the system.
- For individual wheel drag, loosen the bleeder valve on the affected wheel. If fluid is expelled and the brake releases, the issue may be a clogged hose. If the brake still drags, check the clearance and inspect the caliper components for damage or sticking.
Regular maintenance and inspection of the hydraulic brake system are essential to ensure safe and reliable braking performance. Any signs of abnormal pedal feel, reduced braking efficiency, or unusual noises should be addressed immediately to prevent potential accidents.
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